Genetics and Molecular Biology Practice Exam

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• How is a large amount of DNA packaged inside a cell?
• Which base always pairs with cytosine?
• What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?
• Which codon signals the start of translation?
• What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
• Which RNA type carries amino acids to the ribosome?
• Which statement about base pairing is correct?
• If a DNA molecule in a cell were stretched out, its length would be about how long?
• What is the function of ribosomal RNA?
• Ribosomes are composed of two subunits made of what components?
• Knowing Chargaff's rule, if 20% of the nucleotides are Adenine, what percentage of each of the other 3 bases would be found in this molecule?
• Which RNA base pairs with adenine in RNA?
• Nucleotides containing Uracil are transcribed from nucleotides that must contain a...
• What is transcription?
• In DNA base pairing, which base pairs with thymine?
• The molecule containing nitrogen base sequences that code for proteins is which biomolecule?
• How many codons are required to encode a protein consisting of 10 amino acids?
• Which molecule serves as the building block of proteins?
• The process by which a DNA molecule builds an exact duplicate of itself.
• Name the type of sugar found in DNA.
• Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
• Ribosomal subunits are assembled in which nuclear substructure?
• Which components form the backbone of DNA?
• In DNA, which base pairs with Guanine?
• What name is given to DNA that refers to its 2-sided spiraling shape?
• If an mRNA codon is GUC, which tRNA anticodon pairs with it?
• Bead-like structures composed of proteins and tightly wound DNA; these structures 'supercoil' the DNA inside the cell.
• What do the letters RNA stand for?
• How many stop codons are there?
• What is the primary purpose of RNA?
• If the mRNA codon sequence is GAC, the tRNA anticodon sequence would be
• In which cellular structure are proteins primarily manufactured?
• Which nitrogen base is found in DNA but not in RNA?
• Which base-pairing pattern is correct across the center of the DNA helix?
• If A equals 25%, what are the approximate percentages of T, G, and C?
• Which statement about the sugars in DNA and RNA is true according to the material?
• Which base always pairs with Adenine in double-stranded DNA?
• Uracil-containing nucleotides are transcribed from nucleotides containing which base?
• During transcription, which nitrogen base is complementary to adenine?
• What is Chargaff's rule?
• The process of protein synthesis is referred to as...
• Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
• What is the function of DNA in cells?
• tRNA molecules are specific for which type of molecule?
• What do ribosomes do during protein synthesis?
• What is the term for a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid?
• Which RNA is found in the ribosomes?
• Which RNA type carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
• Which statement about codons is accurate?
• If a bacterial protein contains 30 amino acids, how many nucleotide bases are needed to code for it?
• What is tRNA and what does it do?
• The amino acid that becomes attached to a molecule of transfer RNA is specified by a...
• This enzyme proofreads the growing strand of DNA. If mistakes are detected, this same enzyme removes the incorrect nucleotide and replaces it.
• At the end of replication, what is the composition of each DNA molecule?
• Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
• What are the first and last mRNA codons called?
• The anticodon is a sequence located on which type of RNA?
• Where in the cell are proteins made?
• A nucleotide is composed of which components?
• Which molecules make up the sides of the DNA ladder?
• What is the function of tRNA?
• Which statement about nitrogen bases is presented as true in the material?
• An anticodon is defined as what?
• How many nitrogen bases make up a codon?
• The amino acid attached to tRNA is specified by a codon.
• Compared to covalent bonds in the DNA backbone, how do hydrogen bonds between base pairs compare in strength?
• During replication, what is the relationship between the original strand and the newly formed strands?
• Which RNA type carries amino acids during protein synthesis?
• What amino acid is called for by the start codon (AUG)?
• After replication, the two copies of the DNA molecule are ______.
• In the genetic code, a codon specifies which of the following?
• In DNA base pairing, which base pairs with Cytosine?
• What is the function of mRNA?
• What is the role of DNA polymerase during replication aside from adding nucleotides?
• Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA?
• Damage to DNA can never be repaired.
• What are nucleosomes?
• What type of bond holds nitrogen bases together across the center of the DNA double helix?
• Which two processes must occur for gene expression?
• DNA can repair itself if damaged. What enzyme 'snips' out the damaged portions of the molecule?
• Who are the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
• What type of sugar is found in RNA?
• Which sequence represents the complementary strand of the DNA sequence ATGGCT?
• Are mutations always harmful to organisms?
• During DNA replication, the two strands unwind and each strand will serve as a ___ for the production of a new DNA chain.
• Chemical analysis shows that a chromosome is composed of half protein and half nucleic acid. Which is true according to the material?
• Where does DNA replication initiate and in which direction does it proceed?
• Analysis of the structure of a tRNA molecule reveals it is specific for a certain type of...
• Which enzyme synthesizes RNA during transcription?
• Where does transcription occur?
• Which RNA type carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome (the messenger)?
• The total amount of purines equals the total amount of pyrimidines in DNA due to base-pairing rules. Which statement is true?
• A tRNA molecule specialized for the transfer of the amino acid valine has the anticodon CAG. Which codon on mRNA will it pair with?
• What are the three main types of RNA?
• What is produced during transcription?
• DNA replication produces what kind of copy relative to the original template?
• What composes a ribosome?
• During DNA replication, which enzyme performs proofreading to remove errors and replace them?
• A triplet of nucleotides is called a...
• What type of bond holds two nitrogen bases together?
• What is a terminator in DNA?
• Type of RNA that carries the protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Which molecule is NOT an amino acid?
• Which RNA molecule forms the core of the ribosome?
• The DNA molecule contains the code for building __.
• Which molecule matches codons in mRNA with the corresponding amino acids during translation?
• The codon GUC codes for which amino acid?
• In RNA, the nitrogen base complementary to adenine is called?
• The first step in replication is to break the hydrogen bonds between the bases. This is accomplished by the enzyme ______.
• Which base always pairs with guanine?
• What is mRNA, and what does it do?
• How many tRNA binding sites are inside a ribosome?
• The bonds that join amino acids in a growing polypeptide chain are called what?
• The building blocks of protein are called:
• What is the process of forming a strand of RNA from a DNA template called?
• Which enzyme lays down RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis?
• What is a mutation?
• Mutations can sometimes be advantageous by making the organism better adapted to its environment.
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
• What does DNA stand for?
• Each strand of the DNA molecule can be used to make another strand during replication because the two sides are ______ to each other.
• Which sequence best describes the hierarchical packaging of DNA from smallest to largest according to the material?
• A triplet of nucleotides is the code for one...
• How many tRNA binding sites are on a ribosome?
• What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
• A large amount of DNA can be packed into the small space inside the nucleus because the DNA is tightly wound around proteins called?
• What part of the tRNA recognizes the mRNA codon?
• Which term describes a sequence that signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription?
• The messenger molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome is which type of RNA?
• Name of the scientist whose X-ray photographs of the DNA molecule provided clues needed to solve its structure?
• What sugar is found in DNA?
• Which structures are involved in compacting DNA into higher-order structures?
• How many amino acids are specified by the genetic code?
• What is the basic unit formed when DNA wraps around histone proteins?
• Which enzyme adds new nucleotides to the newly forming strand of DNA during replication?
• What sugar is found in RNA?
• If one strand of DNA has the base sequence ATGGCT, the complementary strand would contain?
• What is a promoter in DNA?
• Where are ribosomal subunits assembled?
• When DNA is copied, there are occasionally mistakes. A change in the genetic material of a cell is called a...
• Which RNA type decodes the genetic message during protein synthesis?
• In which cellular compartment does DNA replication occur?
• Which term refers to the molecule that stores genetic information in cells?
• What are the building blocks or subunits that compose the DNA molecule?
• What is the process by which cells synthesize proteins from mRNA?
• The process of transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA.
• What is the outcome of DNA replication for daughter cells?
• A small segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a particular protein.
• What is a hallmark feature of semi-conservative replication?
• The sites where new nucleotides are added during DNA replication are called ______.
• What are the two functions of DNA polymerase during replication?
• Which statement best describes the function of tRNA?
• Which base pairs with Cytosine?
• Which RNA is a major component of ribosomes and helps catalyze translation?
• Which type of RNA reads the message, gathers the amino acids, and transports them to the ribosome?
• Which type of bond links the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA?
• The code for building proteins is encoded by what feature of DNA?
• The termination of protein synthesis occurs upon recognition of what codon?
• The main enzyme of replication, whose function is to link together individual nucleotides along a template strand, is called...
• Which statement about the rate and location of DNA replication is true?
• Where does protein synthesis occur?
• What enzyme is responsible for separating the two strands of DNA during replication?
• Why must DNA be able to copy itself during replication?
• The sequence of the DNA backbone is
• What is the name given to the three-nucleotide bases on tRNA that are complementary to an mRNA codon?
• Which sugar is present in DNA, distinguishing it from RNA?
• What enzyme catalyzes transcription?
• The first step in DNA replication is the breaking of the _____ that exists between the nitrogen bases.
• In what part of the cell does replication occur?
• What type of bond is found between all components of the DNA molecule except the nitrogen bases?
• What is rRNA, and what does it do?
• What mRNA codon always serves as the start codon?
• During DNA replication, which statement about the newly synthesized strand is true?
• How many possible codons are there in the genetic code?
• Which molecule is typically single-stranded?
• What name is given to nitrogen bases that have a single-ring structure?
• Which nitrogen base is never found in RNA?
• Which statement correctly describes the shape of the DNA double helix?
• Which nitrogenous bases have a 2-ring structure?
• The anticodon on tRNA pairs with which RNA sequence during translation?
• Which RNA is a major structural and functional component of ribosomes?
• Which base always pairs with thymine?
• What term describes a DNA segment that contains instructions for building a particular protein?
• What best describes the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?
• What type of bond links the sugar and phosphate groups along the DNA backbone?
• Which base always pairs with adenine in a DNA molecule?
• Upon completion of DNA replication, the cell is ready to begin which process?
• How many nitrogenous bases form a codon?
• Which statement about mutations is true?
• Which process translates the genetic information into a polypeptide chain?
• The process of synthesising mRNA from a DNA template is called?
• Which molecule carries the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during translation?
• Which type of chemical bond links amino acids to form proteins?
• Where does transcription occur within the cell?
• If a DNA strand has the sequence TAC GCA TAT, what is the complementary DNA strand?